She said, “I am tired.” Это прямая речь, с кавычками, как человек сказал. She said that she was tired. Это уже пересказ. На контрольной смотрят, сдвинулись ли местоимение, время и слова вроде today.
| Было в кавычках | Стало в пересказе |
|---|---|
| am / is, are | was, were |
| will, can | would, could |
| today, tomorrow | that day, the next day |
| I, you | he / she, me — смотря кто кому говорил |
He said, “I will call you tomorrow.” → He said that he would call me the next day.
Если слова сказаны в прошлом, настоящее обычно уезжает в прошлое. Here становится there, yesterday — the day before.
He said, “I will call you tomorrow.” → He said that he would call me the next day. That можно выкинуть, смысл не ломается: He said he was busy. Кавычки и запятая перед репликой в пересказе не нужны.
Вопрос, который перестал быть вопросом
She asked, “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived. Порядок уже прямой, знака вопроса нет, do исчезло. Общий вопрос цепляют через if: He asked, “Do you like tea?” → He asked if I liked tea.
Просьба уходит в to. The teacher said, “Open your books.” → The teacher told us to open our books. Запрет: Mum told me not to be late.
Четыре готовых пересказа, на них видно весь сдвиг:
- Ann said, “I am busy today.” — Ann said that she was busy that day.
- Tom said, “We will come tomorrow.” — Tom said that they would come the next day.
- The teacher asked, “Do you understand?” — The teacher asked if we understood.
- Mum said, “Don’t be late.” — Mum told me not to be late.
Полная таблица сдвига времён
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
Past Perfect, would, could, might и should обычно дальше не сдвигаются. Если вводный глагол стоит в настоящем — She says — обязательного сдвига нет: She says that she is tired.
Слова времени и места
Форма зависит от точки пересказа: now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before, tomorrow → the next/following day, last week → the previous week, next year → the following year, here → there, this → that. Если время и место всё ещё те же, механическая замена не всегда нужна, но в учебном упражнении её обычно ожидают.
Say, tell и ask
Say употребляется без прямого дополнения: He said that he was busy. Если адресат нужен, ставится to: He said to me. Tell сразу требует адресата: He told me that he was busy. Ask используется для вопросов и просьб: She asked where I lived; she asked me to wait.
Типичные ошибки
He said me→ He told me или He said to meShe asked where did I live.→ She asked where I lived.He told that he was tired.→ He said that… или He told me that…Mum told me don’t be late.→ Mum told me not to be late.
Упражнение
- Ann said, “I am reading now.”
- Tom said, “I finished the task yesterday.”
- She asked, “Do you know Peter?”
- He asked, “Where are my keys?”
- The teacher said, “Open your books.”
- Mum said to me, “Don’t touch it.”
Ответы
1 — Ann said that she was reading then. 2 — Tom said that he had finished the task the day before. 3 — She asked if/whether I knew Peter. 4 — He asked where his keys were. 5 — The teacher told us to open our books. 6 — Mum told me not to touch it.
Общеизвестный факт можно оставить в настоящем: The teacher said that water boils at 100°C. Живые реплики для тренировки берите из диалогов, формы глаголов — из списка неправильных.